The Ps and Qs of Proofreading

THE PS AND QS OF PROOFREADING Proofreaders don’t get enough credit – and a lot of people don’t spend enough time proofreading their own work. Proofreading is about more than just making sure to cross all the t’s and dot all the i’s. I’ve put together a list of helpful proofreading tips to make sure that your documents come out as close to perfect as possible – every time. Keep your spell checking software, but don’t get too comfortable. Spell check is a beautiful thing, and a lot of times it can save people’s you-know-whats, especially if they don’t have a lot of time to proof their work. However, spell checking isn’t magic, it’s not always correct, and it won’t pick up on words that are misused. How many times have you typed â€Å"Through you may think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"You schedules are attached†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , or something similar, only to have your spell check fail you? Print it out. You can’t read properly on a screen. Your mind will make little leaps in logic, automatically filling in missed or misused words. Working from a hard copy makes a proofreader’s job easier. Feel free to get out a pen and just go to town if you feel like it. Read it out loud. That’s right, you may look a little crazy if you happen to do this in a public place. Reading it out loud (or at least whispering to yourself) will force you to slow your pace and get into the rhythm of the language – and that, in turn, will illuminate any mistakes. If you stumble as you read to yourself, that’s a good indication that you should work on the syntax of that line. Get a fresh pair of eyes. There’s no room to be shy – having a friend or colleague look it over and give you feedback is a valuable source of information. Friends can normally pick up on inconsistencies that you may overlook. Double check things you don’t think need to be double checked. This includes very fine print and standard forms like addresses, boilerplate introductions, dates, contact information, and even company letterhead. It’s easy to gloss over these items because they’re often used – but a good proofreader knows that sometimes mistakes happen in the strangest of places. A misspelled name on company letterhead is embarrassing, and an incorrect phone number won’t land any sales. Pay attention to the extras. This means charts, graphs, pictures, titles, page numbers, and even numbered lists. Make sure the numbered bullets are sequential, that you haven’t gone from A. to C. in your outline, and that all of the graphics are right side up and properly labeled. Proof proper names and headlines or titles separately. It’s easy to make mistakes in headings because proofers are usually so focused on the body of the copy, so go back and proof these in a new round. Proper names go in this category too because it can be easy to skip over the spelling. I’ve seen â€Å"Michelle† turned into â€Å"Michael† or â€Å"Mitchell† too many times – and believe me, it doesn’t make your audience think very generous things about your intelligence. Clear your mind. Having a hard time focusing? Editing and proofreading require a keen eye and major amounts of concentration, but it’s also a pretty monotonous job. If you can, refresh yourself by putting a little distance between you and whatever you’re proofreading. Read something else, or try sleeping on what you just wrote before proofing. Do you have any tips that you find useful when proofreading your work? Let us know!

Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Example

Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Example Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Essay Topic: Bad Boy a Memoir Demutualization in Night Night by Lie Wishes is a memoir that documents the story of a young Jewish boy named Likelier who was born in Sighed, Transylvania during World War II. The story begins in his hometown, where life is normal and calm before the storm. It quickly transitions into Nazi occupation, persecution, segregation in the form of ghettos, and eventually deportation to camps. As the Jewish people arrive at the camp known as Auschwitz, they are separated and many are immediately executed while the rest are sent off to work. The persecution does not simply end at hard work all day for the Jews, and as time goes on things become progressively worse for Likelier. The Nazis rip and tear at the humanity of Likelier throughout the book in an attempt to euthanize him. For most of the Jews in the camp the end is a physical death; however, what Likelier experiences at the end of the book is an internal death of himself. The AS soldiers achieve his internal death through segregation, mental abuse, and physical abuse that is so ingrained in the mind of the Likelier that it becomes a natural part of his existence, an everyday hell. As Haltering states, Night fines the nature and charts the consequences of a loss of faith in the protagonist, Likelier, as incident by incident, layer by layer, his trust in God and man is peeled away. It is this peeling down process which constitutes the essential structure of Night and enables us to see it as a whole (51). What Haltering means is that The Nazis goal is to euthanize Likelier. The Nazi soldiers successfully peel away at Lispers humanity through various forms and methods until Likelier dies on the inside. The first step towards dehumidifying Likelier is separating him from non-Jews. As he Jews are being placed inside the ghettos, Likelier observes, The barbed wire that encircled us like a wall did not fill us with real fear. In fact, we felt this was not a bad thing; we were entirely among ourselves (11). No fear can be seen in Lispers thoughts, although readers know there should be. Likelier is still unsuspecting of what was to come, and that is what allows him to be taken so easily. Had the Nazis taken the Jews all at once, The Jews would have struggled much more, especially if they knew what was coming. The Nazis took things slow so as to avoid an uprising, to maintain control. Later, to further pronounce the separation between the population into Jews and non-Jews, the Nazis force all of the Jews to wear yellow stars on their clothes. About the same time that the Jews are placed in ghettos, with a more nervous tone in his voice, Likelier ominously notes, Three days later, a new decree: every Jew had to wear the yellow star (11). The Nazis want to make it visibly known that the Jews are different. They force the yellow star on them so that anyone could know who was Jewish and who was not. Not only this, but also many decrees are set out that limit what people with the yellow star can do. By limiting Jews, the Nazis enforce a barrier between them and non-Jewish people. However, after all this segregation, and even someone within their community warning them of what to come, the Jews are still denying the inevitable. No one could really imagine, even in those rare cases where individuals came back and insisted that the deported were centers (Friedman 206). It is important to recognize the denial of what is about to happen, because much has yet to happen to the poor Jews of Sighed. For the coming weeks, the Jews would be abused and tortured not only physically, but mentally. To proceed in the demutualization of Likelier, the Nazis torment his mind with disturbing images, and crush his spirit. Fine notes, Once Likelier enters Auschwitz, he loses his sense of time and reality. Darkness envelops him and penetrates within: his spirit shrouded, his God eclipsed, the blackness eternal (49). A man who has no mind to think for himself, and no spirit to fight back is easier to control and abuse. In order for the Nazis to completely euthanize Likelier, they not only have to destroy his mind, they must also destroy his spirits. Just one of the disturbing images is when Likelier witnesses the burning of babies soon after his arrival in Auschwitz: Not far from us, flames, huge flames, were rising from a ditch. Something was being burned there. A truck drew close and unloaded its hold: small children. Babies! Yes, I did see this, with my own eyes Children thrown into the flames (32). Nothing imaginable could possibly be as horrifying as the immolation of infants. This image is such a blow to Lispers mind because it is not only the killing of the innocent; it is there to show Likelier how little life means in Auschwitz. Likelier is led to believe this so they o not value his own life, and therefore will not fight for it; in this way, the Nazis are crushing his spirit as well. While torturing of people he does not know still disturbs Likelier, the physical beating of his only friend in the camp, his father, does more than words or images ever could. Lispers father is beaten, and the fact that Likelier doesnt move to help his father scares him a little. Likelier eerily considers, l stood petrified. What had happened to me? My father had Just been struck, in front of me, and I had not even blinked. I had watched and kept silent (39). Lispers inability to eve demonstrates that the Nazis plan is working. They are successful so far as to even prevent him from standing up for his own father, the only person he knows in the camp. Had the Nazis beat his dad back in Sighed before they really started the torture, Likelier might have fought back, but now submission is the response he has. It scares him. One of the more indirect ways of crushing his spirit and mind was to take away his identity as a person, and give him a number for a name. Likelier depicts the scene with no emotion, and states it as if he does not care: The three veteran rissoles, needles in hand, tattooed numbers on our left arms. I became A-7713. From then on, I had no other name (42). This is the first time Likelier has been given a different name. To assign a number was more damaging because it represents an ordered system of storing things like apples, boxes, or other insignificant items. It puts Likelier in the mindset of not having anything to make him different from any other Jew. He now finds his identity in only numbers and the Nazis definition of a Jew. The torture of mind and loss of identity contribute greatly to his demutualization. After the Nazis have successfully stripped Likelier of his mind, they can truly now attack the only thing left in the process of demutualization, his body. The Nazis see that in order to destroy a mans humanity, they need to destroy the mind, spirit, and then the body. One of the ways they do this is to constantly malnourished Likelier. Bread and Soup became more important than anything because the Nazis starved Likelier. Of soup, my crust of stale bread. The bread, the soup those were my entire life. I was nothing but a body (52). Likelier confirms in the last sentence that the Nazis had tripped him of his mind and spirit that this body is the only thing he has left. The Nazis do not let him keep his body either, they continue to keep him malnourished the rest of his time, and cause many other physical pains over the course of the coming weeks. Aside from starving Likelier, they beat him senselessly on multiple occasions. Likelier remembers, One day when Ides was venting his fury, I happened to cross his path. He threw himself on me like a wild beast, beating me in the chest, on my head, throwing me to the ground and picking me up again, crushing me with ever more violent blows, until I was covered in blood (53). The Nazis have no regard for the body or the pain of Likelier. The Nazis persecute relentlessly, and are able to do so consistently without revolt or opposition. This is the final step in dehumidifying Likelier; after his mind and spirit were depressed to such a point so he would never question or challenge the Nazis, the physical abuse could begin. The Nazis first weaken Lispers body with malnourishment, and then beat him senselessly. As Wishes notes in his preface, Instead of sacrificing my miserable life and rushing to my fathers] side, showing him that he was not abandoned, I remained flat on my back, asking God to make my father stop calling my name, to make him stop crying. So afraid was I to incur the wrath of the AS (Wishes, Preface x). At first it appears as if Likelier cares about his father and does not want him to feel so defeated; however, the last sentence shows that Likelier does so only to get him to stop yelling, to silence his father a little so that the Nazis would not hurt Likelier. A normal person might not care of his or her own safety when a parent is being ordered, and would be there Just for the sake of pure care for his or her father. Instead, Likelier is a person who has lost that sense of care for another human being, and whose only motivation for helping him is so he himself is not beat. It is the Nazis constant threat of physical torture that suppress Likelier. In this way, the Nazis have now controlled the motivations of Likelier with his body. The Nazis not only starve and beat broken bodies, but they work them to the bone. Likelier remarks both on the beatings and the work, There followed terrible days. We received more blows than food. The work was crushing (77). The work now is Just one more thing that the Nazis have at their dispersal. The Nazis are good at pushing many to the point to death, but they are even better at finding out how much a person can take before they die and going a step back from that point to torture them that much longer. A starving body is weak; a broken body is weaker, so pushing them to this point can only be agonizing. After all Likelier experiences, his mind is under control, his spirit is crushed, and now his body has been broken. This total control over his body is crucial to his demutualization, and destruction of his soul. After the destruction of his soul, he is broken on the inside. He has experienced these atrocities, and the only people that he has left to hold him together inside are God and his father. So as to isolate Likelier, the Nazis succeed in killing God and his father. Likelier remarks his distrust in God after seeing the young boy being hanged, My eyes had opened and I was alone, terribly alone in a world without God, without man. Without love or mercy. I was nothing but ashes now, In the midst of these those in prayer like strangers. He does not see them as equals or as believers. He has owe been isolated from God, and in that way, the Nazis have taken away Lispers God, or at least made him question God. They leave him without a higher power or an all present being to rely on. This is especially important to the Nazis goal of total destruction because God is the one being that Likelier can rely when all human presence is gone. This forces him to put all of his faith in the present, in what is happening. The only person that he has left to cling to is his father. The Nazis know that the only way to finally destroy his soul is to strip him of all he loves and knows. He will be an empty body walking if they succeed. Likelier remembers, No prayers were said over his tomb. No candle lit in his memory. His last word had been my name (112). Now his father has been killed, never to be seen again. Likelier is now truly alone in the world, with only his broken body and a number left to him. The Nazis have succeeded in killing him. There is proof that he has died after he has been liberated from the camp. He looks at himself in the mirror, and all he sees is a dead corpse: One day when I was able to get up, I decided to look at myself in the error on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me. The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me (115). His death cannot be seen, except by him when he looks into the mirror. He still walks and breathes, but the inside is now missing from him. The Nazis succeeded in their ultimate goal of killing his soul while preserving the body that used to hold it. Through segregating him from non-Jews, torturing his mind and spirit, and nearly destroying his body, the Nazis succeed in peeling away his immunity. To be human is to be able to live, laugh, love, think, and be happy. In Auschwitz, the Nazis took away all ability to feel. They desensitizing them to horrific, awful sights that would haunt anyone for years. Likelier experiences the worst of what Auschwitz has to offer the prisoners. Most of the population died a horrible death, and their names were forgotten. However, for Likelier, he experienced an internal death. Night can best be defined as a negative Bloodcurdling [coming of age story], in which the character does not end up, as expected, fit for life in society, but on the monetary, a living dead, unfit for life as defined by his community (Vain 129).

Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Composition - Essay Example Iago contributed to the deaths of the other characters by spreading rumors against them, which leads to mistrust and conflict. He accomplishes this by maintaining close relationships with all characters and playing on their flaws to create conflict and hatred (Bradley 81). For instance, Iago is the main cause of death of Desdemona because he told Othello that Desdemona was engaging in immoral activities with Cassio. This makes Othello angry and he plans to kill Cassio, but returns home to Desdemona. Desdemona consoles Othello not to her by saying, On the other hand, Iago convinces Roderigo to kill Cassio to enable him woo Desdemona for romantic intentions. This causes conflict between Roderigo and Cassio, which later leads to the death of Roderigo. Alternatively, Othello finds Desdemona on the bed and smothers her using a pillow. This is an indication that the death of Roderigo and Desdemona is because of the gimmicks directed by Iago. Meanwhile, Emilia exposed Iago’s gimmicks and how Cassio possessed Desdemona’s handkerchief. Emilia says, Upon hearing Emilia’s revelations and realizing his mistakes, Othello commits suicide by stabbing himself. Iago is also terrified by Emilia’s revelations because Cassio confirmed that those were the true situation that took place. This makes Iago to stab Emilia and kill her before she exposes everything. Iago is also directly blamed for the Roderigo because he is the one who stabbed Roderigo. This happened when he insisted that Roderigo should not lose hope of seducing Desdemona. He does this by coming up with a plan of killing Cassio who is also after the beautiful Desdemona. However, when Cassio and Roderigo are involved in a fight, Iago stabs Roderigo to death and escapes from the scene. The circle of deaths revolves around Iago as the main schemer who is out to kill everyone for his selfish gains like kill Cassio and assume his position of

Creating a climate of Ethical Behaviour in the School Research Paper

Creating a climate of Ethical Behaviour in the School - Research Paper Example The phenomenon of violence and anti-social behavior within schools cannot be regarded as a mystery, given that it has existed within the past but at a lower scale. Presently, there is a sizeable body of research that indicates that schools make a significant difference, but this has largely centered on educational outcomes instead of standards of behavior. Ethical behaviors manifest when an individual acts with fairness, impartiality, equity, and respect for the rights of others. Ethics represents the study of moral principles or values that highlight whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes. Ethical judgment shapes the behavior or course of action of individual. Some of the academic factors that necessitate students to make judgments regarding ethical judgments include contravention of violation of school regulations, cheating, selfishness, and computer ethics (Buckley, Wiese, & Harvey, 1998). As such, it is pertinent to look not just at students being ethical, but also other stakeholders such as teachers and administrators being ethical (List, Bailey, Euzent, & Martin, 2007). c) Statement of the problem Frequently, in contemporary society, students entertain the notion that it is admissible to engage in unethical behavior as long as one does not get caught. There is indeed a problem of unethical behaviour among the students in the school. ... f) Research questions What are the major causes of unethical behaviour among the students? What are the factors used to identify unethical behaviour among the students? How can ethical behaviour be promoted among the students? What can be done to ensure that students uphold and maintain ethical behaviour? g) Definitions of the terms used Literature Review In this literature review, the paper first explores elements of unethical behavior such as academic dishonesty. A discussion on ethics within the education sector should not be a one-sided discussion. Academic dishonesty among students manifests via diverse forms of cheating. This behavior presents a substantial threat to the academic integrity of institutions, as well as sufficient development of students’ academic skills given that it undermines the learning process (Robert, Hanford, Kathleen, David, & John, 1997). Students frequently face ethical questions and choices including decisions on whether to act ethically when ha ndling test, engaging in unauthorized group homework, and/or plagiarizing work from the internet. Variables connected to cognitive development and environment impact on the manner in which students make decisions and choose to act (McCabe, Butterfield, & Trevino, 2006). Some students act ethically owing to the fear of being â€Å"caught† by faculty members while others choose to act ethically based on the realization that dishonesty harms themselves, their instructors, and other students (Buckley, Wiese, & Harvey, 1998). Teachers have significant influence within the classroom environment; hence, they significantly influence student behavior. Contraventions connected to class work entail: forgery,

Pain Managment In Palliative Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Pain Managment In Palliative Care - Assignment Example This is because pain is very severe and distressing in cancer patients and can lead to physical disability, emotional maladjustment, social detachment, psychological depression and distress, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, and feeling of unwell and above all make their journey to death miserable (National Health Service, 2006). In fact, pain is the only aspect of terminal illness that can be relieved. Nurses taking care of terminally ill cancer patients must be aware of this and take necessary measures to relieve pain in them (Kearney et al, 2000). This essay discusses pain relief management in a terminally ill cancer patient an exercise to gain further understanding into palliative care of advanced malignancy. The aim of palliative care is to enhance the quality of life of the patient and influence the course of the disease in the most positive sense. The care must be initiated as early as possible in the course of the disease in conjunction with other supportive therapies like chemotherapeutic, medical and surgical interventions. Palliative care adapts the philosophy of hospice care and the interdisciplinary practice. It applies to all terminally ill patients irrespective of their diagnosis, race, religion, age, gender and culture (National Cancer Control Programme, 2005). Pain relief is the corner stone of palliative care and enhances the spiritual value of care. Along with pain relief, other symptoms like nausea and vomiting, regional swelling, sleeplessness, gastritis and constipation must be addressed (Johnson et al, 2006). Quality of life of the patient may be enhanced by encouraging the patient and allowing the patient to indulge in activities which are a source of enjoyment and relaxation for him or her like watching movies and listening to music, by making the patient feel that the patient is yet a much wanted member in the family and by providing the patient time and space to spend

Artificial Intelligence And Fuzzy Logic Controller In A Plc System Computer Science Essay

Artificial Intelligence And Fuzzy Logic Controller In A Plc System Computer Science Essay In this research paper, I am trying to analyse more about advanced Programmable logic controllers.Today it is hard to imagine a industry without PLC and other automatic controllers. As the production becomes more and more efficient, the controller work faster and the system become more complex. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques reduce the complexity and they are used through PLC-based process control system. The working of artificial intelligence consist of -diagnostic, knowledge, expert and the structure of an AI system. Function such as AI fault diagnostics in process help in controlling and successfully predicting the outcomes based on resident knowledge. Here i will be researching more about the applications of PLCs such as use of PLC s with fuzzy logic. Basic fuzzy logic and also its fundamental concepts will be analysed. Use of the fuzzy logic controller in practical applications include providing real time logical control systems. In the end i will be concluding on how advanced PLC are more efficient than the conventional PLCs. In industry use of automatic controllers is increased, the use of PLCs. The programmable logic controllers are based upon the on/off logic, in PLCs we use normally closed or normally open switch, and these switch can turn on or turn off the devices. PLCs contain a small processing unit, memory, input and output interfaces. But the PLCs are not able to represent the all data of the process and they are not able to take action to remove the faults. But with the help of the Artificial Intelligence we can make the system to make the decision on faults. Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science. In AI we use the data from the process to solve the many faults in the industry. All the information used by the AI is gathered from the person working in the plant/machine and log book also provide information about fault. The information about the fault-what kind of fault that was and how that was solved. Once all the information we gather from the process, all information is sto red in the memory of the PLC or elsewhere will be used by the PLC to solve the complex problems of the process. . II. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN A PLC A. Three type of AI system The classification of AI system is very difficult because they are used in the many applications but however we can classify in three types: 1.diagnostic 2.knowledge 3.expert.All three type of AI system have similar characteristics. The system become more and more sophisticated as the size of the data base increases and the extent how the process data is used. Diagnostic AI system. This type of system is the fault detecting systems. They detect the fault in the application and they do not solve the problem. For example if the temperature of a tank is decreased the diagnostic system can diagnose the fault by reading the thermocouple values. These system use the knowledge to reach on a fault conclusion, these type of system are used in the applications that use a small data base and knowledge. Knowledge AI system An knowledge AI system is the enhanced diagnostic system. These type of systems are able to detect the fault and process behaviours based on the knowledge and they are also able to take the decisions concerning the process and/or the possible cause of a fault. Expert AI system This type of system comes on the first position in AI applications. Expert systems are more capabilities than the knowledge system. The expert system provides a further capability for examining process data with the help of statistical analysis and the system predict outcomes of the process that are based on present process assessments. The outcome calculation may be a decision and with the help of that decision process maintain the output in spite of a fault detection. The knowledge used in the expert AI systems are more complex than in the other AI systems; these type of system generate more feedback information. The expert systems also require more refined software programming to make decision, since their decision trees involve more options and attributes. The implementation of the expert systems is only done by with the help of extra programming and they also need more hardware. The system use the transducers to make the decision in the process and the total number of transducer used in this system is more than the other system. Programmable logic controller use the AI system, it will need two or more than two processer to make the all programming for the system. PLC system require more speed to operate in real time, the system should be fast. The system has large data to operate in the real time due to large data system also need large memory to store that data . B. Artificial Intelligence System Architecture The block diagram (Figure 1 ) shows the basic architecture of an AI system. It has three primary elements: 1 Global database, 2 Knowledge database, 3 Inference engine. The block diagram show that expert block first, that block provide the knowledge to the AI system and the knowledge is received from a person who know about the plant/process, how the machine perform their operation. The expert sends the all information (about system maintenance, faults) to the knowledge engineer. The process of transmitting the knowledge and gathering data is known as knowledge acquisition. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg3.jpg Figure.1 Artificial Intelligence system Architecture Global Database Global database contain the information about the process and the system, how to control them. The information contained by the global database is about the input and output data flow from the process. The global database is the storage area, the information about the process stored. The data stored in global database can be used any time to make the AI decision to control the process. PLC have memories to store the data and the Global database resides in the memory of the system that makes the system to take the AI decisions. We can also use the AI system with computer and the Global database will be in the hard disk of the computer. Knowledge Database The knowledge database store the information as the global database store about the process and the all information is supplied from the expert. It also contains information about the faults, process, causes of the problems and their solutions as well. Moreover, all the rules that help to make the decision are also stored in the knowledge database. The diagnostic system has knowledge database and that is less complex than the knowledge system. The knowledge system is less complicated than the expert system. It stored in the system memory. Inference Engine All the AI system has inference engine. All the decisions are made in the inference engine. Inference engine use the knowledge database to make the decision about the process and after that inference engine execute the rules in the process. It also uses the historical data of the process to make the real time decision. PLC system contain the central processing unit, CPU perform all the operation for the system and the inference engine may be inside the CPU or it may not be inside data that depends upon the diagnostic, knowledge, expert. C. Knowledge representation In the knowledge representation all the AI strategies are organised and the knowledge engineer represent the input of the expert. The knowledge database is used for the storage of the representation. The knowledge from the expert is changed in the form of rules (IF and THEN/ELSE) and we call it rule-based knowledge representation. It make the system capable to take action and decision. A PLC system is used with AI, all the control strategies are executed by software programs. Whenever a fault is detected by the system and at that time system makes a decision, inference engine also use the knowledge representation. The decision will be in the form of software. D. Rule-based knowledge representation It uses the knowledge from the expert and make the decision with the help of that knowledge. The rules contain two parts, first part antecedent (IF something happens) and the second part consequent (THEN take this action). All the rules are made for the process and they can be complex. A simple rule-based System may make a simple diagnostic rule, such as: IF the temperature of a tank is less than the set point, THEN turn on the heater. A more complex diagnostic formula may contain rules that further depend on a more complex diagnostic formula and they involve the rules that are depend on Parent rules: IF case 1, THEN  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ELSE nothing â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ ½ IF case 2, THEN  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ELSE something â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ ½ IF case 3  ¾Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  THEN nothing â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ · â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ · The decision tree makes the system capable to take the decisions. The figure 2 shows how the decision tree works to get a decision on the given process data. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg4.jpg â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Figure 2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Decision Tree E. Knowledge inference This is the method used to draw conclusion by gathering the data. When the system execute the main control strategy at that time the inference of knowledge takes place in the inference engine. The knowledge inference is also takes place in knowledge database when computation of rule is going on. In the small control system the knowledge inference takes place on local basis. But in case of large systems knowledge inference takes place in the hierarchical system. To design a AI based PLC we need hardware, the need of hardware depends on the involvement of the AI. In all AI systems some common methods of rules are used for the implementation of knowledge inference. Methods are: 1. Forward Chaining, 2.Backward Chaining. Forward chaining-This method is used to find out the outcomes of a given data and receives the information from the global database. Forward Chaining is done by two methods: depth first, breadth first search. Backward chaining-This is also similar to the forward chaining. Basically it is used to find the antecedents. F. Basic Architecture of an AI based PLC Large and complex distributed control systems are made by the combination of small systems. They can communicate with each other either directly or with the help of local area network. The AI is added in the large systems, global database, knowledge database and knowledge inference from these is distributed all over the system. These large systems are made by the combination of small system and all the local system has their own local data base and knowledge database. The PLCs in the diagram shows they perform inference engine computations. In the large systems the supervisory PLC use the all subsystem and their local database to make a complex decision. The main computer we call it blackboard hold the all information from the small units. The main computer applies all the complex AI solution. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg5.jpg Figure 3 Architecture of an AI based PLC III. FUZZY LOGIC IN A PLC In industrial automation Programmable Logic Controller combine the simplicity, and reliability. Fuzzy logic is a part of AI which deals with reasoning used to imitate human decision making and thinking in machines. The reasoning is transformed in algorithms. These algorithms are used when the data cannot be converted in the binary form. The output of the process is the input for the fuzzy controller. Fuzzy logic performs three main actions. First is fuzzification, in this action the data received at the input is converted in the fuzzy form. Second is fuzzy processing, which involves the transformation of the input data according to IF†¦THEN rules formed by the user at the time of design and programming of the fuzzy control systems. After finishing the fuzzy processing (rule-processing stage) the fuzzy controller reach an outcome. Third is defuzzification process, this is final step of the fuzzy controller. In this step the final output data is converted into the real output data and after that the data is sent to the process with the help of output interface. The fuzzy logic controller is placed in the PLC rack in this case the controller does not have a direct contact with the process, the fuzzy logic controller will send the defuzzification data in the PLC memory location and PLC send that data to the process by the interface module. In the most of the fuzzy logic controller have their independent interface ports and they are also connected to the PLC with the help of the plug. The fuzzy controller can communicate with the process through the PLCs input/out ports. PLC can be interfaced with the intelligent fuzzy controllers. Interface of Fuzzy logic with PLC A Fuzzy logic controllers input interface can read the data from the 8 devices and it can transmit the data to 4 output devices with the help of the output interface. This interface is able to perform 128 rules, each rule can have maximum IF conditions and the action will be in the form of two THEN. The fuzzy logic controller has capability to perform all its computations in only in 6 msec if fuzzy logic unit works separately of the processer, as a result it providing fast functioning of fuzzy logic control. Fuzzy Logic and I/O Communication In below given Table 1, the Fuzzy Logic Unit (FLU) uses the programmable controllers memory to store the control parameters and fuzzy logic controller uses 10 words or registers. The position of the FLU module in the rack tells about the registers addresses. Assuming that the position of the FLU module takes the addresses 110 through 119, the use of the addresses by the FLC module as follows: The first four bits (0-3) the first word is (word 110) and its first four bits(0-3) enclose, in BCD, the FLU module uses as the number of inputs. 15 number bit turns on the fuzzy processing of this word. The second word (word 111) specifies that the location of the input data stored in the PLCs memory. It tells the starting register address. TABLE I inputs: bits 0-3 of word 110 specify the number of inputs to be read (8 max) (e.g., I = 8) Word 111: starting address where input data is located (length of I) (e.g., address = 120) Outputs: bits 0-3 of word 112 specify the number of outputs to be written (4 max) (e.g., O = 4) Word 113: starting address where output data is located (length of O) (e.g., address = 130) Word 114: used for flags and settings Words 115-119: available as working word addresses 3) As the first word, the third word is (word112) and the first four bits enclose the outputs in BCD. 4) The fourth word (word 113) store the address where the output data is stored, the output data is obtained by the fuzzy logic computations. Because fuzzy logic controller work with the other I/O interfaces, their input/output data must be send to the I/O modules working with them. Figure 4 shows how the memory addresses (words) used by the Fuzzy Logic Controller and it also shows the location of the input and output data according to the input/output devices. C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg2.jpg Figure 4 The working of the Fuzzy Logic Unit works with I/O interfaces We can also use the block transfer instruction to transfer the data between FLU and input/output interfaces (Figure 5). C:UsersPARVEENDesktopimg1.gif Figure 5.Block Transfer of instructions IV CONCLUSION When we apply artificial techniques to a system, we need to add hardware as well as software to in the system. The program that system needed is depending upon the fault in the system, the fault detection is complex then the program will be more complex. We design a system that also has intelligence; this is possible by adding the data from the process. The data should be about the process regarding the last time fault and what type of fault that was, how that was solved and when was the last maintenance performed. The addition of artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic controller in a PLC make the system faster and the system will be able to take decision about the process. The system will be better than the conventional PLCs. . . V REFRENCES [1] Bikash Pal, Balarko Chaudhuri, Robust control in power systems, Spinger, 2005 . [2] Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Users Guide, The MathWorks, Inc.,2008. [3] PLC-5 Programmable Controlers, Rockwell Automation, USA, 2007. [4] C. P. Chuang, X. Lan, J. C. Chen, A systematic procedure for designing state combination circuits in PLCs, Journal of Industrial Technology, 1999;15(3):2-5. [5] S. Manesis, K. Akantziotis, Automated synthesis of ladder automation circuits based on state-diagrams, Advances in Engineering Software, 2005;36:225-233. [6] A. Rullan, Programmable logic controllers versus Personal computers for process control, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1997;33:421-424. [7] J. Jang, P. H. Koo, S. Y. Nof, Application of design and control tools in a multirobot cell, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1997;32:89-100. [8] P. Klingstam, P. Gullander, Overview of simulation Tools for computer-aided production engineering, Computers in Industry, 1999;38:173-186. [9] L. A. Bryan, E. A. Bryan, Programmable Controllers, Theory and Implementation, An industrial text company publication, U.S.A. 1997, p. 785.

We Must Stop Legislation to Ban Cell Phone Use While Driving :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Cell phones began with only a select few could afford a cell phone. Today with most Americans owning cell phones we must look at the benefits and downfalls of cellular technology. The issue of driving while dialing brings up the most controversy. The legislation in place to govern the use of cellular phones in certain cities is justified, but the benefits far outweigh the disadvantages. The cell phone has been around since the fifties when they first had the idea from using CB radio frequencies. AT&T was the first to bring about the technology back in the late forties and early fifties. The FCC regulated all radio frequencies broadcast and limited AT&T to twenty-three phone calls simultaneously in the same service area. In the seventies the FCC later allowed more use of the radio waves. In the late seventies the first trials were made in Chicago with 2000 initial customers (Bellis 1). In the 1987 cellular customers hit one million. Today one half of the people living in the United States own a cell phone. It is true that drivers can be clearly distracted from the road from cellular phones. Drivers will have them in a purse in the backseat or in an inaccessible pocket that they will be startled to get to when someone calls. Drivers will struggle to get to the phone in a timely manner and that becomes their priority instead of the road in front of them. Drivers may swerve or cut off another driver in while trying to answer a cell phone or trying dialing a ten digit telephone number. An Ohio insurance company took a poll of eight hundred drivers. The results of the poll are as follows: 43% said they had accelerated on at least one occasion while using their mobile phone; 23% said they had tailgated; 18% said they had cut someone off; 10% ran a red light; and 41% said they had accelerated to get away from someone else in another vehicle on a mobile phone (Ropeik 16). It is obvious that cell phones are a distraction but are the distractions caused by cell phones outweighed by the security and added convenience of a cell phone? There are hundreds of benefits from cellular phones. The convenience more than anything is what appeals to most users. Cell phones can be used for work or for personal use. Businessmen and women will use them to call clients and parents will use them to check on the babysitter.

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Essay

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Privacy seems to be something that many people desire, but is becoming less and less available. With all the new technology, it is easier than ever to invade someone’s privacy. With cameras everywhere, from ATM’s to people’s cell phones, it is difficult for anyone to do anything that can be kept to one ’s self. While privacy is a right that the average person doesn’t normally struggle with, it is a problem that celebrities encounter everyday. Paparazzi are constantly following these famous people around as they do their everyday things like shopping, playing with their children, partying, or simply hanging in their homes. It is basically the price to pay to be famous. While these celebrities’ lives are invaded to a large degree, shouldn’t they still enjoy the right to keep some aspects of their lives private? Celebrities should have the right to keep things like medical records private, because not only is it a violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), it is unethical to release medical information about someone to the public, even celebrities. In recent years, there have been a number of break-ins of celebrity medical records that have been leaked to the tabloids. In 2006 one of the country’s leading medical institutions discovered that the security of their medical records had been breached when The National Enquirer printed a story about Farrah Faucet’s cancer relapse, before the actress even told any of her family members† (Steinhaurer, 2008). Ms. Faucet is not the only celebrity who has had this happen. In 2007, George Clooney was informed that his medical records were accessed by people who didn’t have the right to look at them, following a motorcycle crash that left the actor with broken ribs and scrapes. Britney Spears was also a victim when the media reported that she was involuntarily hospitalized in 2008 and put in the psych ward under the thought she could be a danger to others or herself. Gossip outlets and other news media reported on her interactions with staff and visitors throughout her hospitalization (Techweb, 2008). These are incidents that have occurred for many years, as tabloids are always interested in the medical issues celebrities deal with, and keeping it under wraps is more difficult with technology making it easier for anyone to gain instant access to health secrets. â€Å"With the advent of networked computers, the problem has increased exponentially, and celebrities are constantly surrounded by people who are willing to trade in medical information for profit or their own 15 minutes† (Blankstein, 2008). While the people who accessed the records of these celebrities and leaked the stories are definitely at fault, I think that much of the blame also lies with the reporters and journalists who actually print and air the stories. The press is violating privacy by releasing these stories in two ways, legally and ethically. â€Å"Medical privacy rules apply to everybody, including celebrities,† Alicia Mitchell, spokesperson for the American Hospital Association said. â€Å"Everybody is entitled to confidentiality of what is often very personal information† (Rhea, 2007). By printing the very private medical information, there was a violation of HIPPA. HIPPA is an act that went into effect in 1996 and it set a national standard for securing and protecting patient health information. Hospitals have strict policies against leaking information, with the exceptions of insurance and law enforcement investigations. Because of this law, many health care providers won’t even admit to treating some patients (Techweb, 2008). While the people who leaked the stories to the press have been reprimanded by either suspension or termination, there wasn’t any type of consequences for the press for reporting this illegal material. That brings me to the ethical violation. â€Å"Depriving people of their privacy is a cruel and immoral act, which could destroy their lives. The sole objective of tabloids is to make money, so they’ll go to any extreme to satisfy their readers and increase circulation figures† (Heng, 2006). It is obvious that celebrity news is an outlet that sells, as seen by the numerous tabloids and entertainment shows. The public has an interest in what is going on in the lives of these rich and glamorous people. This brings on a form of mediated voyeurism, which can be defined as, â€Å"the consumption of revealing images and information about others’ real and unguarded lives, not always for the purpose of entertainment but frequently at the expense of privacy and discourse, through the means of the mass media† (Calvert, 2000). Basically saying that the public has a need to see these famous people and learn about their lives, even at the risk of invading their privacy. The tabloids simply exploit the public’s desire to learn these things, regardless of the ethical issues of invading a human being’s privacy. They know people will buy it and that they will make money. I think that to be an ethical journalist it is important to empathize with the person whose life is about to be splashed on the papers. Of course there is the matter of getting the story and pleasing the readers and the editor, but it should take into account the public’s real right to know. A story about the health of someone like the President of the United States might be something worth printing, because knowing how he is medically is of public interest because this is a man that is running the country. However, that is a different scenario with someone like Britney Spears. She is simply an entertainer and it isn’t important for the public to know her health because it will not affect the daily lives of people. It is simply news that the public likes to learn about. If I were a journalist, I would like to think to myself how I would feel if someone had released my medical records for the public to read. I would feel very violated. As Lance Morrow states, â€Å"Good journalistic standards are not difficult to state, just tough sometimes when applied case by case. Journalists function best when they are mature, experienced, and intelligent; when they keep their work as clear and simple as possible; when they fall back upon decency and common sense if questions arise about whether to run a piece† (Morrow, 2002). If these people were true journalists, they would think ethically about whether or not to release this type of information, and whether or not it is simply the decent thing to do. I would think that it would be an easy answer because, just because someone is famous, doesn’t mean that all of their privacy rights should be violated.

Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished

Points to remember before you participate in this disuccsion: * Assume, you one of the member of a real group discussion. * Take the initiative to participate and contribute your thoughts. * Express your positive attitude towards providing the solution. | |   | | | In my opinion instead of banning Capital punishment, frequency of capital punishment should be brought to minimum. It should be strictly applied in case of Rape & murder (mass murder) because nobody has given him right to destroy somebody's life and they should fear every now and then that this crime will not be tolerate rapist and murderers.But not for robbery or other low level crime because you can earn your wealth again ; 10-15 year of imprisonment will give him good lesson. | | | |   | | | â€Å"An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth† which we all today known as capital punishment. I think it should not be banned. Though this form of punishment is inhuman and cruel, there is no other alternative but to enfor ce it. Just as one removes a rotten apple to save the basket full of apples, similarly we must get rid of the unwanted elements so that we can preserve the society. | |   | | | Hi, I think capital punishment should not be banned. Criminals are all their way to go beyond the unexpected mark. Once they are being left or being ignored at, they may cause a massive genocide. Second thing is that they will not have any fear for any punishment which may lead to increase in crime in the society and will hinder in social harmony and social peace. | | |   | | | According to me capital punishment should not be banned. Criminals think that they will be threw into the prison if they commit any crime.There is no mistake in their thinking because the rules of the INDIAN CONSTITUTION had made like that. They don't bother about jail although the punishment time is either 7 years or 14 years because jails are like their vacation spots. (example in the case of kasab). This is one of the reason for increasing in crime rate. But If India had followed the concept of capital punishment there would be no Mumbai attacks, no murders, no kidnappings. The fear of death (because of capital punishment) should shiver the criminals for thinking of crime. Then India absolutely can be peaceful country. | |   | | | According to me capital punishment should be given to every criminal who has committed a crime. By giving capital punishment to every criminal and it becomes a lesson for them and they possibly think about that what they are doing. For this govt has to take strict actions and make our India crime-less country. | |   | | | If it is abolished then our society will in trouble, today, not so much but still criminals have fear of capital punishment if its take back by GOVT the the courage will increase in criminals and they will do crime fearless.So my suggestion when any body do crime like murder, rape, robbery then we must give capital punishment hardly such kind of people becau se nobody have rights for killing other people. | | |   | | | I think capital punishment should not be banned. As said by many persons who are we to take the life of others, we means civilization where this law of capital punishment has not come from sky but majority of our country men and women voted for capital punishment to prevail and if you are living in this country you are accepting the law and in law capital punishment also comes. Capital punishment should not be abolished rather our government should think about it n emphasize on it. Capital Punishment should be given to those who have done heinous crimes like murder. There must be fear in the mind of people then only we can get healthy atmosphere to live. It will reduce the crime rates in the countries otherwise we will have our newspaper full of crimes in the future as we have now. So to get rid of these things I think Capital punishment should not be abolished. I appreciate opinions coming from different people but cap ital punishment is not punishment at all, it is revenge in its good form as people think. Punishment is, no matter how unimaginable the crime is or whether we are bound by sentiments or not is scientifically a procedure to correct mind of CRIMINAL. Whether a person killed thousands or not is unrelated as Punishment talks about correction and not past, if we talk about past don't call it PUNISHMENT it is revenge only! Secondly law is going thousands of years back when religion and psychology are going into future.People think more massive crimes a person commits the more punishment he deserves because we cannot bear the end results at all, true but the fact is that society uses two opposites GOOD and BAD. GOOD should be victorious over BAD, but terrible crimes like mass murders, rapes, burning people, children etc. Are committed by mentally insane people. No normal person has desire or interest or energy or even thought will ever come, so we are biologically safe first! People like T eresa, Jesus have inherent traits that make them peaceful. Ok they might have conscious will but they did not use it because they need not.On other hand criminals need to use additional will and change their mind from instincts and urges and this is not called REAL GREAT! psychopaths are born with distorted mind, is it their fault? They have no emotion called love. Love comes from brain. If any one has doubt they can just observe whether emotions are made with hands or come from within us without effort. If so a person who cannot love humanity has fault in nervous system. If a person takes anesthetic will he get pain? Still the person may remain wide awake with no pain in part injected with anesthetic.On similar lines criminals know what they are doing (barring a few who are completely mad and insane and do not know reality) but cannot feel love or empathy just like anesthetic REMOVES PAIN. So one second assume we are not born with this EMOTION or this emotion is minimal? One can te ll their own answers? |   | | Well, capital punishment in India is given in â€Å"the rarest of rare cases†. This includes. Raging war against the nation, murder abetting the suicide of a child or insane person and likewise. If this is so then why delay in the case of Ajmal Kasab and Afjal guru? Hadn't they have done this offense?They came, butchered our democracy, plundered Indian lives and mystically send a message to our netas and babus and obviously to us we'll iterate this. What can you do? Don't you think this is a derogatory to our democracy, to our so-called cultured society and to our crippled law. I think trialing these guys is a totally a waste of our money and time. Just hang these guys till death because these lunatics don't have respect to the lives of innocents. So, why to have mercy on them. I vehemently appeal to our netas and babus not to test our patience and provide them capital punishment.I admit there should not be any trial to these guys, just directl y hang them, and I also appeal to our law-makers to bring the case of rape in this jurisdiction. |   | | Hi, ‘m Sukanta. I have already written my view here long day back. But I think some people didn't get my point or didn't read my opinion . People like Anuradha, commented on 31st March (plz dont take it in a negative way) , I think are not practical and live in a fantasy ideal world, where (they think) if you forbid a person not to do crime, just listens to you and stop doing crime. Ok.To you all such persons, I am putting few questions again. Please answer straightly, not in a round about way and without repeating idealistic writings like â€Å"we should kill†¦. â€Å", â€Å"then whats the difference between them and the judges† etc. My questions are- 1 ) Tell me just one way to change the minds of people like Kasav, Daud Ibrahim, Afjal Guru and so on or how can you kill the crime within them ? 2 ) How can you be sure enough that they wont do any crime aga in ? 3 ) How can you be sure that farther no plane will be hijacked demanding their release ? ) Who will bear the cost of super expensive foods and security ( as Kasav is getting right now )? 5 ) Can you think of any other punishment if your father/ mother/brother/sister or your boy friend/ girlfriend / wife/husband will die in such a horrific incident ? If so, then plz mention the punishment you would like to give them . Thank you. | | | Hey people, in India where I live (Chandigarh) crime rate is increasing by the clock, and I believe there might be equal number of capital punishments, well its not like that punishment is given when the accused are caught and proved guilty.Firstly, getting through this phase is very difficult, and even if the accused is punished of ‘ Daffa 302 ‘ the hanging is not made. There has not been a single hanging since 2004 in India. Well, with this attitude I reckon the criminals would not be afraid of the system. Well, Capital punishments is virtually abolished !. |   | | As per my perception, capital punishment is only on papers in India right now, as it is clear from the fact that Indian courts have sentenced near about 29 death sentence in last decade out of which only one person has been executed till date and the remaining are just on papers.In a recent judgement given by Session judge, kathua (j&k) in which six out of seven accused were granted death penalty (seventh one has already expired) but as is the condition prevalling in india, this sentence is also just on paper, to execute them is too hard on the part of concerned authority. Apart from that afzal guru has been awarded capital punishment since 2006. But till date there is no execution of that sentence because execution of afzal guru is now only a question of executing a crimnal, but a senstive poltical issue.Various neferous poltical beaurecrates in India and especially in kashmir are earning there bread on this vary issue ana centre is also aware of t he fact that if afzal guru is hanged during there tenure, there poltical graph would come down in kashmir by a fair amount. So we can say that if person who have been granted death sentence are not hanged and if the sentence awarded to them is just on paper, then what is the fun of awarding this sentence, it's better that it should be banned now. Dear friends, I believe that for the sake of saving few criminals we cannot let hundreds and thousands of innocent people to die. Even if we have to take strict action against them, even if it is a capital punishment we shold come forward and support it. We have seen that due to the lack of proper and strict actions, thousands of innocent people are raped and murdered every year and the criminals walk freely without any fear of getting punishment. As one of my friend took the example of saudi Arabia, We can also make India a safer and better place to live with the imposition of capital punishment. |   | |Capital punishment must not be rem oved because i think it is the right way to give lesson to other criminals that his crime may lead him to death many peoples had written the sayings â€Å"kill the crime not the criminals† but they had not mentioned the way to do that. Shall we start appointing â€Å"MAHATMA BUDHH and swami vivekanand† instead of police? â€Å"Tit 4 Tat† is fit here†. i want to ask the people asking for mercy that if a convict kills your most loving one then also u will ask the honorable judge for showing mercy to him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And for them i want that they must watch the movie â€Å"A WEDNESDAY†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. From my perspective, capital punishment should not be abolished as it will definitely help us to create a sense of fear in the minds of criminals. â€Å"Kill crimes not criminals† is a marvelous proposal but those stand for this theory should clarify how it can be put into practice. In order to save the innocent people from being puni shed, I strongly feel that, all loopholes in the judicial system should be closed. Only capital punishment awarded to hard-core criminals can set an example for other like minded persons and help the polity to bring down the whopping number of ever increasing criminal deeds.One more point, those liberal minds, who shed tears for the criminals must taken into account the pathetic state of the victims. Moreover, countries with stringent criminal and judicial systems always show a decreasing trend in such heinous acts as murder and theft. Take the example of Saudi Arabia where Islamic code of law is strictly implemented, the number of such dubious crimes are very low there. So capital punishment should be there in the larger interest of the country at least as a ‘necessary evil'. |   | | I do not think that capital punishment is the only solution to decrease crime in the society.Already there are many cases are still pending and our judiciary and government is sleeping. Todays in lakhs court cases are pending and the accused are moving freely without any problem. In my view govt should make a strict rules against accused and finalised their case only in six months and give a hard punishment without capital punishment. | Hi everyone. I totally agree that capital punishment should be given, if a person have committed any heinous crime, but before that a transparent investigation should be done.Today most of the time main culprits (usually people with huge amount of money) uses poor as their weapon and commit heinous crimes and cannot ever get caught, because they bribe everybody and every system, and not only this they bring out false proofs against that poor guy and thus that poor fellow becomes victim. And our judiciary give punishment to that poor as it depends on proofs, doesn't matter however false it may be. I just want to ask why the poor became victim, just because he was poor or he has just trusted somebody? Capital punishment should be given to th at criminal who has shadowed himself and used a poor person as his weapon.Indeed he should be hanged. |   | | I agree with the statement ‘we should kill crime not criminals'. But how can the crime be reduced without this type of punishment. It is not possible to create an awareness so that the criminals move away from the crime. We can take the example of the terrorist itself. Providing awareness doesn't seems to create any alteration in their minds. So in my opinion,only way would be the capital punishment. Punishment should be meant to leave a message of fear in the hearts of whoever trying to commit a brutal crime. This fear can obviously prevent them doing brutal crimes.As my friend said earlier,over 30 countries have abolished capital punishment and do not have any increase in crime. But at the same time it have not shown any decrease in rate. Whereas in countries having strict capital punishment have low crime rates. If regarding the punishment of innocent,its up to ju diciary. They have been shown guilty in front of judiciary. Thats why they are been given punishment like dat So in my opinion,capital punishment should not be abolished |   | | Hi everyone. A very good line said by Priya â€Å"We should kill crimes, not criminals†. I'm agree with this line.It is the best way if we are able to kill crimes without killing criminals. This could be possible only when there is stringent law and people are abide by the laws. But if there is need to kill criminals to reduce crime then it's also quite fair option. We should follow â€Å"Tit for Tat Policy†. Those who have committed heinous crimes like murder, rape and the politicians who have cheated our country and the people should be given capital punishment immediately. These types of person doesn't deserve to get a place in our society. |   | | I think for some crime capital punishment should be there.In India, people are not respecting laws any more. Whether he is a rich guy or poor . They some how have started believing that they will escape from arms of law. If we take the case of Jessica or Priyadarshini Matto, in both cases judgement took so many years by that time criminals were roaming freely in the society. What is guarantee that these people will not engage in any other crime? In US capital punishment is allowed and people over there are more disciplined just because the laws are so stringent. In India also present day situation is so horrible that strictness is need of the hour. . Every human vll enjoy the freedom at the most of all side provided to him until n unless there are no strict rules. !. |   | | I m completely satisfied with kapil you can not let criminals to be in a state of fearless after commiting crime. Capital punishment should not be banned. One who is guilty shud be punished and if his/her crime goes beyond limit then he/she is worthy of capital punishment. By doing so we can reduce crime rates. These are ‘rakshax' and capital punishment is there ‘vadh'. |   | | According to me, capital punishment should not be abolished. here is no reason to save the life of such a person who is a cause of misery and fear in society. capital punishments are not meant for small crimes. If the crime committed is not intense they are punished in terms of fine and imprisonment. if they are to improve themselves, they would definitely do that by this. if people go to extent of murdering or other criminal activities, they are definitely becoming violent and has no fear of law. such a criminal is sure to do many more harms to society and the nation as a whole. No nation need such criminals and so this world is not a place for them.   | | We should kill crime and not criminals†¦ I agree.. But how can we kill crime in our society? It is possible only by killing the culprits.. A punishment should serve as a shuddering example for others thus preventing them from doing anything unfair.. I strongly believe that India should become a more disciplined country like Singapore where a small mistake like spitting in the roadside can lead to heavy fines.. In short,our Government should take steps to take stringent measures towards anything | We should kill crime and not criminals†¦ I agree.. But how can we kill crime in our society?It is possible only by killing the culprits.. A punishment should serve as a shuddering example for others thus preventing them from doing anything unfair.. I strongly believe that India should become a more disciplined country like Singapore where a small mistake like spitting in the roadside can lead to heavy fines.. In short,our Government should take steps to take stringent measures towards anything unfair,whoever be the culprit,be it an ordinary person or one of our much respected ministers.. Purify our country†¦. |   | | only if the punishments are severe, crimes will get reduced. lse, we could find none other way to protect ourself from crimes . . . so i a m strongly agree with that capital punishments are to be booned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |   | | Have a good day to All , This is Vimal. According to my view capital punishment is the only solution to reduce the crime rates. Because i have an evidence not only me all of us knew this. Countries like Dubai Saudi Arabhiya the crime rates are very less only because of severe punishments , and capital punishments for most of the crimes. killing the criminals only kills the crime. unless crime will not be killed. To have a healthy country we should reduce the crime. o reduce crime capital punishment should be needed|   | | Criminals have no right to take aways someone's smile n if they are guilty of affecting someone's life then they are worthy to go through such similar pain. May be the fear of going through the same might stop them doing something brutal. Relieving them from capital punishment is alleviating them for going for wrong doings. | Crime is everywhere. In our neighbo rhood, in the neighboring state, wherever we look, we find criminals and crime. Criminals have become a part of our daily lives. Does this mean we let them be the darkness of our society?No, definitely not. Eliminating crime and criminals is our duty, and we cannot ignore it. Getting the rightly accused to a just punishment is very important. I do not advocate death penalty for everybody. I support death penalty because of several reasons. Firstly, I believe that death penalty serves as a deterrent and helps in reducing crime. Secondly, it is true that death penalty is irreversible, but it is hard to kill a wrongly convicted person due to the several chances given to the convicted to prove his innocence. Thirdly, death penalty assures safety of the society by eliminating these criminals.Deterrence means to punish somebody as an example and to create fear in other people for the punishment. Death penalty is one of those extreme punishments that would create fear in the mind of any sa ne person. Capital punishment should be abolished Critics of capital punishment put forward several arguments. 1. The application of the death penalty is so arbitrary that it violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. Justice Harry Blackmun claims there is an irreconcilable conflict between two requirements in capital sentencing.On the one hand, the Eighth Amendment demands that sentencing discretion in capital cases be structured according to fixed, objective standards to eliminate arbitrariness and discrimination. On the other hand, there is a humanitarian requirement that sentencing discretion be flexible enough to permit sentencers to individualize justice by taking mitigating circumstances into account that might justify a sentence less than death. 2. The death penalty discriminates against racial minorities and the poor. Statistics show that the death penalty is administered in a selective and racially discriminatory manner. 3. The eath p enalty doesn't deter crime. 4. The death penalty costs taxpayers more than life imprisonment. 5. The inevitability of factual, legal, and moral errors results in a system that must wrongly kill some innocent defendants. 6. Public support for the death penalty diminishes substantially when the public is fully informed about the penalty, the alternative of life imprisonment without parole, and the consequences of the death penalty. Capital punishment should not be abolished Proponents of the death penalty make arguments centering around the justifications of fairness, retribution, deterrence, economy, and popularity. . The death penalty isn't arbitrary. In Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty isn't cruel and unusual punishment and that a two-part proceeding — one for determining innocence or guilt and one for determining the sentence — is constitutional. Any conflicts between eliminating arbitrariness and allowing sentencers to individu alize justice can be resolved, according to Justice Scalia, by dispensing with the requirement that sentencers consider an array of mitigating circumstances. . The death penalty isn't discriminatory. In McCleskey v. Kemp (1987), the Court held that statistical evidence of racial discrimination in death sentencing can't establish a violation of the Eighth or Fourteenth Amendments. To win an appeal under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Court requires an appellant to prove the decision makers in his or her case acted with intent to discriminate. 3. Executions deter would-be criminals from committing crimes. 4.It is cheaper for the government to kill murderers than to keep them in prison for the duration of their lives. 5. The few mistakes that are made in carrying out the death penalty are offset by its crime prevention and economic benefits. 6. Polls show the vast majority of Americans favor the death penalty for murderers. 7. Society has a moral right to punish the most violent criminals by taking their lives. Some violent criminals are vile, wicked persons who deserve to die. Evaluating the debate over capital punishmentA substantial body of empirical studies shows that the administration of capital punishment is arbitrary, that the costs of trials and multiple appeals make the death penalty more expensive than housing an offender in prison for life, that the death penalty does not deter violent crime, and that during the twentieth century more than 400 people were erroneously convicted in capital cases. Although the Supreme Court denied the racial discrimination argument in McCleskey v. Kemp, statistical evidence supports the claim that the burden of capital punishment falls upon the poor and the underprivileged.Studies show that a disproportionate number of individuals sentenced to death are members of minority groups and that nearly all individuals on death row are indigents. The argument that the death penalty should be retaine d because the majority of the people in the United States want it, equates the numbers in support of a position with the correctness of it. The rightness or wrongness of the death penalty logically is neither helped nor hindered by the numbers in support. Opinions don't logically equate to factual knowledge.Deciding whether or not society has a moral right to take the lives of murderers and other violent criminals requires a value judgment. In support of their position, proponents of the death penalty cite the Judeo-Christian tradition of â€Å"eye for eye, tooth for tooth. † Opponents counter by emphasizing New Testament admonitions to â€Å"turn the other cheek† and â€Å"to love thy neighbor. † In a Nutshell Yes| No| 1. Financial costs to taxpayers of capital punishment is several times that of keeping someone in prison for life. 2. It is barbaric and violates the â€Å"cruel and unusual† clause in the Bill of Rights. . The endless appeals and required additional procedures clog our court system. 4. We as a society have to move away from the â€Å"eye for an eye† revenge mentality if civilization is to advance. 5. It sends the wrong message: why kill people who kill people to show killing is wrong. 6. Life in prison is a worse punishment and a more effective deterrent. 7. Other countries (especially in Europe) would have a more favorable image of America. 8. Some jury members are reluctant to convict if it means putting someone to death. 9.The prisoner's family must suffer from seeing their loved one put to death by the state, as well as going through the emotionally-draining appeals process. 10. The possibility exists that innocent men and women may be put to death. 11. Mentally ill patients may be put to death. 12. It creates sympathy for the monstrous perpetrators of the crimes. 13. It often draws top talent laywers who will work for little or no cost due to the publicity of the case and their personal beliefs against t he morality of the death penalty, increasing the chances a technicality or a manipulated jury will release a guilt person. 4. It is useless in that it doesn't bring the victim back to life. | 1. The death penalty gives closure to the victim's families who have suffered so much. 2. It creates another form of crime deterrent. 3. Justice is better served. 4. Our justice system shows more sympathy for criminals than it does victims. 5. It provides a deterrent for prisoners already serving a life sentence. 6. DNA testing and other methods of modern crime scene science can now effectively eliminate almost all uncertainty as to a person's guilt or innocence. 7.Prisoner parole or escapes can give criminals another chance to kill. 8. It contributes to the problem of overpopulation in the prison system. 9. It gives prosecutors another bargaining chip in the plea bargain process, which is essential in cutting costs in an overcrowded court system. | Overview/Background The United States remains in the minority of nations in the world that still uses death as penalty for certain crimes. Many see the penalty as barbaric and against American values. Others see it as a very important tool in fighting violent pre-meditated murder.Two things have once again brought this issue to national debate. One is the release of some highly publicized studies that show a number of innocents had been put to death. The second is the issue of terrorism and the need to punish its perpetrators. Yes ? Financial costs to taxpayers of capital punishment is several times that of keeping someone in prison for life. Most people don't realize that carrying out one death sentence costs 2-5 times more than keeping that same criminal in prison for the rest of his life. How can this be?It has to do with the endless appeals, additional required procedures, and legal wrangling that drag the process out. It's not unusual for a prisoner to be on death row for 15-20 years. Judges, attorneys, court reporters, c lerks, and court facilities all require a substantial investment by the taxpayers. Do we really have the resources to waste? ? It is barbaric and violates the â€Å"cruel and unusual† clause in the Bill of Rights. Whether it's a firing squad, electric chair, gas chamber, lethal injection, or hanging, it's barbaric to allow state-sanctioned murder before a crowd of people.We condemn people like Ahmadinejad, Qaddafi, and Kim Jong Il when they murder their own people while we continue to do the same (although our procedures for allowing it are obviously more thorough). The 8th Amendment of the U. S. Constitution prevents the use of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment†. Many would interpret the death penalty as violating this restriction. ? The endless appeals and required additional procedures clog our court system. The U. S. court system goes to enormous lengths before allowing a death sentence to be carried out. All the appeals, motions, hearings, briefs, etc. onopolize much of the time of judges, attorneys, and other court employees as well as use up courtrooms & facilities. This is time & space that could be used for other unresolved matters. The court system is tremendously backed up. This would help move things along. ? We as a society have to move away from the â€Å"eye for an eye† revenge mentality if civilization is to advance. The â€Å"eye for an eye† mentality will never solve anything. A revenge philosophy inevitably leads to an endless cycle of violence. Why do you think the Israeli-Palestine conflict has been going on for 60 years?Why do you think gang violence in this country never seems to end? It is important to send a message to society that striking back at your enemy purely for revenge will always make matters worse. ? It sends the wrong message: why kill people who kill people to show killing is wrong. Yes, we want to make sure there is accountability for crime and an effective deterrent in place; however, the dea th penalty has a message of â€Å"You killed one of us, so we'll kill you†. The state is actually using a murder to punish someone who committed a murder. Does that make sense? Life in prison is a worse punishment and a more effective deterrent. For those of you who don't feel much sympathy for a murderer, keep in mind that death may be too good for them. With a death sentence, the suffering is over in an instant. With life in prison, the pain goes on for decades. Prisoners are confined to a cage and live in an internal environment of rape and violence where they're treated as animals. And consider terrorists. Do you think they'd rather suffer the humiliation of lifelong prison or be â€Å"martyred† by a death sentence?What would have been a better ending for Osama bin Laden, the bullet that killed him instantly, or a life of humiliation in an American prison (or if he was put through rendition to obtain more information). ? Other countries (especially in Europe) would have a more favorable image of America. It's no secret that anti-Americanism is rampant around the world. One of the reasons is America's continued use of the death penalty. We're seen as a violent, vengeful nation for such a policy. This is pretty much the same view that Europeans had of America when we continued the practice of slavery long after it had been banned in Europe. Some jury members are reluctant to convict if it means putting someone to death. Many states require any jury members to be polled during the pre-trial examination to be sure they have the stomach to sentence someone to death before they're allowed to serve. Even if they're against the death penalty, they still may lie in order to get on the panel. The thought of agreeing to kill someone even influences some jury members to acquit rather than risk the death. Some prosecutors may go for a lesser charge rather than force juries into a death-or-acquit choice.Obviously, in all these situations, justice may not b e served. ? The prisoner's family must suffer from seeing their loved one put to death by the state, as well as going through the emotionally-draining appeals process. One victim's innocent family is obviously forced to suffer from a capital murder, but by enforcing a death sentence, you force another family to suffer. Why double the suffering when we don't have to? ? The possibility exists that innocent men and women may be put to death. There are several documented cases where DNA testing showed that innocent people were put to death by the government.We have an imperfect justice system where poor defendants are given minimal legal attention by often lesser qualified individuals. Some would blame the court system, not that death penalty itself for the problems, but we can't risk mistakes. ? Mentally ill patients may be put to death. Many people are simply born with defects to their brain that cause them to act a certain way. No amount of drugs, schooling, rehabilitation, or positi ve reinforcement will change them. Is it fair that someone should be murdered just because they were unlucky enough to be born with a brain defect.Although it is technically unconstitutional to put a mentally ill patient to death, the rules can be vague, and you still need to be able to convince a judge and jury that the defendant is in fact, mentally ill. ? It creates sympathy for the monstrous perpetrators of the crimes. Criminals usually are looked down upon by society. People are disgusted by the vile, unconscionable acts they commit and feel tremendous sympathy for the victims of murder, rape, etc. However, the death penalty has a way of shifting sympathy away from the victims and to the criminals themselves.An excellent example is the execution a few years ago of former gang leader â€Å"Tookie† Williams. He was one of the original members of the notorious Crips gang, which has a long legacy of robbery, assault, and murder. This is a man who was convicted with overwhelm ing evidence of the murder of four people, some of whom he shot in the back and then laughed at the sounds they made as they died. This is a man who never even took responsibility for the crimes or apologized to the victims — NOT ONCE! These victims had kids and spouses, but instead of sympathy for them, sympathy shifted to Tookie. Candlelight vigils were held for him.Websites like savetookie. org sprang up. Protests and a media circus ensued trying to prevent the execution, which eventually did take place — 26 years after the crime itself! There are many cases like this, which make a mockery of the evil crimes these degenerates commit. ? It often draws top talent laywers who will work for little or no cost due to the publicity of the case and their personal beliefs against the morality of the death penalty, increasing the chances a technicality or a manipulated jury will release a guilt person. Top attorneys are world-class manipulators. They know how to cover up fact s and misdirect thinking.They know how to select juries sympathetic to their side. They know how to find obscure technicalities and use any other means necessary to get their client off without any punishment. Luckily, most criminal defendants cannot afford to hire these top guns; they must make do with a low-paid public defender or some other cheaper attorney. However, a death penalty case changes everything. First of all, a death penalty case almost always garners significant media attention. Lawyers want that exposure, which enhances their name recognition & reputation for potential future plantiffs and defendants.Second of all, thousands of attorneys have made their personal crusade in life the stomping out of the death penalty. Entire organizations have sprung up to fight death penalty cases, often providing all the funding for a legal defense. For an example, look no further than the Casey Anthony trial, in which a pool of top attorneys took on a high profile death penalty cas e and used voir dire and peremptory challenges to craft one of the stupidest juries on record, who ended up ignoring facts and common sense or release an obviously guilty woman who killed her daughter.After the â€Å"not guilty† verdict was rendered, defense attorneys such as Cheney Mason went into long-winded speeches for the media about the evils of the death penalty. ? It is useless in that it doesn't bring the victim back to life. Perhaps the biggest reason to ban the death penalty is that it doesn't change the fact that the victim is gone and will never come back. Hate, revenge, and anger will never cure the emptiness of a lost loved one. Forgiveness is the only way to start the healing process, and this won't happen in a revenge-focused individual. No 1. 2.The death penalty gives closure to the victim's families who have suffered so much. Some family members of crime victims may take years or decades to recover from the shock and loss of a loved one. Some may never reco ver. One of the things that helps hasten this recovery is to achieve some kind of closure. Life in prison just means the criminal is still around to haunt the victim. A death sentence brings finality to a horrible chapter in the lives of these family members. 3. It creates another form of crime deterrent. Crime would run rampant as never before if there wasn't some way to deter people from committing the acts.Prison time is an effective deterrent, but with some people, more is needed. Prosecutors should have the option of using a variety of punishments in order to minimize crime. 4. Justice is better served. The most fundamental principle of justice is that the punishment should fit the crime. When someone plans and brutally murders another person, doesn't it make sense that the punishment for the perpetrator also be death? 5. Our justice system shows more sympathy for criminals than it does victims. It's time we put the emphasis of our criminal justice system back on protecting the victim rather than the accused.Remember, a person who's on death row has almost always committed crimes before this. A long line of victims have been waiting for justice. We need justice for current and past victims. 6. It provides a deterrent for prisoners already serving a life sentence. What about people already sentenced to life in prison. What's to stop them from murdering people constantly while in prison? What are they going to do–extend their sentences? Sure, they can take away some prison privileges, but is this enough of a deterrent to stop the killing? What about a person sentenced to life who happens to escape? What's to stop him from killing anyone who might ry to bring him in or curb his crime spree? 7. DNA testing and other methods of modern crime scene science can now effectively eliminate almost all uncertainty as to a person's guilt or innocence. One of the biggest arguments against the death penalty is the possibility of error. Sure, we can never completel y eliminate all uncertainty, but nowadays, it's about as close as you can get. DNA testing is over 99 percent effective. And even if DNA testing and other such scientific methods didn't exist, the trial and appeals process is so thorough it's next to impossible to convict an innocent person.Remember, a jury of 12 members must unanimously decide there's not even a reasonable doubt the person is guilty. The number of innocent people that might somehow be convicted is no greater than the number of innocent victims of the murderers who are set free. 8. Prisoner parole or escapes can give criminals another chance to kill. Perhaps the biggest reason to keep the death penalty is to prevent the crime from happening again. The parole system nowadays is a joke. Does it make sense to anyone outside the legal system to have multiple â€Å"life† sentences 20 years or other jiverish?Even if a criminal is sentenced to life without possibility of parole, he still has a chance to kill while i n prison, or even worse, escape and go on a crime/murder spree. 9. It contributes to the problem of overpopulation in the prison system. Prisons across the country face the problem of too many prisoners and not enough space & resources. Each additional prisoner requires a portion of a cell, food, clothing, extra guard time, and so on. When you eliminate the death penalty as an option, it means that prisoner must be housed for life.Thus, it only adds to the problem of an overcrowded prison system. 10. ————————————————- It gives prosecutors another bargaining chip in the plea bargain process, which is essential in cutting costs in an overcrowded court system. The number of criminal cases that are plea bargained (meaning the accused admits guilt in return for a lesser sentence or some other concession) can be as high as 80 or 90 percent of cases. With the time, cost, and pers onnel requirements of a criminal case, there really isn't much of a choice.The vast majority of people that are arraigned are in fact guilty of the crime they are accused. Even if you believe a defendant only deserves life in prison, without the threat of a death sentence, there may be no way to get him to plead guilty and accept the sentence. If a case goes to trial, in addition to the enormous cost, you run the chance that you may lose the case, meaning a violent criminal gets off scot free. The existence of the death penalty gives prosecutors much more flexibility and power to ensure just punishments. Introduction

Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Example

Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Example Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Critical Review of Fichtenaus Charlemagne Essay Critical Review of Fichtenau’s The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne This is an analytical book review of Heinrich Fichtenau’s The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne. It will cover the Fichtenau’s writing techniques and sources he used in developing this fascinating book. Thesis: To better understand the significance of Charles the Great, one must first comprehend the unfortunate features challenging Charles during the Carolingian period. This was a quality intention for Fichtenau because historians have struggled with the legend of Charlemagne. It is hard to distinguish his celebrity myths from the factual truth. Content: Fichtenau created an enchanting overview of the social, economic, political, and religious problems that faced Charles the Great. The author tried to remove the legendary side of Charles and reveal his human side. â€Å"No man’s stature is increased by the accumulation of myths, and nothing is detracted from genuine historical greatness by the consideration of a man’s purely human side† (Fichtenau, p. 25). He focuses not only on Charlemagne, but also on the human affairs confronting the people of the Carolingian Empire. Fichtenau also takes an in-depth look at the various classes of people within the empire. He examines the scholars of the empire and their effect on how Charlemagne is portrayed in their works. Although seen as propagandists, Fichtenau commends the scholars for their contributions (Ficthenau, p. 103). Also, he scrutinizes the large, growing gap between the rich and the poor of the empire. The ruling class became overwhelmed with a lust for power and wealth (Fichtenau, p. 112). The author additionally tackles the issue of Christianity in the kingdom. Charles basically forced his subjects into Christianity. This meant they supported Christianity, but not with sincerity (Fichtenau, p. 143). Fichtenau sees the time of peace in the Frankish kingdom as more of a mirage or lull period, as opposed to actual tranquility. He describes the era as successful in comparison to the later generations, but still full inequality (Fichtenau, p. 155). Charlemagne did however bring unity and order to the Frankish kingdom. His leadership and rule would factor into the future development of Europe. Sources: Fichtenau uses mainly primary but also a good share of secondary sources in this book. It was surprising he used any secondary sources because in the preface, the translator points out how great number of secondary sources about Charlemagne have conflicting views (Fichtenau, xi). Writers put their own interpretations within their works. Fichtenau’s repeated use of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica works is an example of his application of primary source material. These compiled manuscripts and other documents hold substantial historical value, which Ficthenau utilizes superbly. One example is when he refers the reader to a poem in the MGH about the blessing of a church. By using more primary sources, Fichtenau establishes more credibility with the reader. The sources are hard proof and not facts from a secondary source that we have no knowledge of. Deciphering the Fichtenau’s usage of secondary sources was hard because my book lists all the footnotes in German. However, I was able to tell that he did consult works by other authors. The citations included some sort of title, author, possibly a publisher, and also a page number. Based on the context, it appears that he only uses secondary sources when discussing broader or sometimes foreign topics. For example, he uses L. Thorndike’s, A History of Magic and Experimental Science when discussing astrology in the kingdom (Fichtenau, p. 151). The basis of Fichtenau’s work is derived mainly from primary sources. This produces a sense of trust and believability in his work. Methodology: As stated above, Fichtenau assembled almost all of his information from the MGH and historical script. The overall structure of The Carolingian Empire is fractured. Fichtenau introduces the empire and Charles the Great in the beginning. He then changes course and discusses the people of the empire. There is no real chronological feel to the writing. He does get back to Charlemagne’s story towards the end of book, but by that point any sense of a timeline of the empire or Charlemagne’s life is lost. Fichtenau puts his own personal inferences into his writing. For example, when covering the topic of how Charlemagne accumulated his wealth, Fichtenau describes his military expeditions as â€Å"wars of aggression. Also, he states that there was â€Å"military, political, and religious motives† behind Charlemagne’s work. There is no script or source to back these claims up and therefore appear to simply by the opinion of the author’s. In J. M. Wallace-Hadrill’s review of the book, he was upset that Peter Munz left out the chapter on the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death (Wallace-Hadrill). Th is would have changed the structure of the book and added to chronological story. Writing and Graphics: Graphic illustrations are lacking in The Carolingian Empire. The abbot’s house†¦burnt down and the abbot himself was killed by the flames in an attempt to salvage his property† (Ficthtenau, p. 152). This is a great example of a place where the author could have placed a few descriptive or emotional words to help paint a better picture. The only place I found satisfactory description was in the illustration of Charles’s physique. â€Å"†¦a thick, short-set neck, and a protruding paunch† (Fichtenau, p. 26). My favorite was his â€Å"large, vivacious eyes† (Fichtenau, p. 6). It is worth noting however that these were not Fichtenau’s words, but those of the biographer Einhard. It felt as if I was reading a history book as opposed to a novel. Not once was I drawn into any sort of story by Fichtenau’s writing technique. I think t he intended audience for this work was the college-educated public. There is some background information needed to understand the writing, and therefore a person of the general public would not be able to comprehend this work. Fichtenau’s comparison between the Byzantine Empire and the Frankish Empire would not communicate well to some one the general public who had no knowledge of the Byzantians. When Clovis is discussed in the introduction, I was able to understand the reference because I am college-educated and have learned about Clovis (Fichtenau, p. 2-3). The book is not at historian level for the exact same reasons. The conversation and language was not over my head. I was able to follow the author’s points and not get lost in complicated words or explanations. The Carolingian Empire is an appreciable introductory piece to Charlemagne and his empire. It is full of facts and historical references, but falls short when trying to portray the image of the kingdom graphically to the reader. Bibliography Fichtenau, Heinrich. The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne. Trans. Peter Munz. Toronto: University of Toronto in Association with the Medieval Academy of America, 2000. Print. Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. Rev. of The Carolingian Empire by Heinrich Fichtenau. The English Historical Review 73 (1958): 342. JSTOR. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.